Utilization of Ashes from Biomass Combustion

Biomass is one of the most important sources renewable energy in industry. It assumed that by 2050 global deposit could be covered 33–50% biomass combustion. As with conventional fuels, combustion produces by-products, such as fly ash. Therefore, along growing interest use a source energy, production ash by-product increases every year. estimated approximately 476 million tons ashes per year can produced from For example, calorific value dry wood mass tends to between 18.5 MJ × kg−1 and 19.5 kg−1, while content resulting thermal treatment 0.4 3.9% fuel mass. However, waste particularly difficult characterize due large variability chemical composition depending on technology. In addition, this is, hand, valuable fertilizer component, it contains significant amounts nutrients, e.g., calcium (Ca), potassium (K) microelements, but other may contain toxic compounds harmful environment, including heavy metals substances formed result combustion, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or volatile organic (VOCs). PAHs VOCs are mainly processes incomplete coal low-power boilers, unstable operating conditions. remember before used various industries (e.g., zeolite synthesis, recovery rare earth plastic production) an additive building materials fertilizers for cultivation, number analyses conducted so by-products allow used. conduct tests metals, chlorides, sulphates, microelements macroelements, grain phase compounds. If characterized low pollution levels, should agriculture reclamation degraded land not directed landfills where loses its properties. The purpose review present properties generated Poland world, discuss factors influencing changes possibilities their reuse environment branches